Ethical Decision Making Reflection Research Assignment - 2200 Words

Ethical Decision Making Reflection Research Assignment (Essay Sample) Content: Ethical Decision Making ReflectionNameInstitutionEthical Decision Making ReflectionIntroduction I had never considered the issue of ethical decision making to be a problem. Ethical decision-making started to be an issue of dilemma when I joined college. I was exposed to students from different parts of the world with different cultures and values, which were different from my Chinese culture. However, when I joined this class, the class has been useful where I have learned to appreciate the essence of ethical decision-making as well as learning essential skills and theory to guide me in any instance that may require these vital skills. For this reason, the report purposes to present a reflection on the ethical decision-making process. The presentation will premise on Lawrence Kohlberg perspective on the issue of the ethical decision-making process. Stage 1: Moral Awareness Based on the class lectures and my extensive research, I concluded that many factors are critica l in blocking the recognition of ethical issues in the professional and personal life of Lawrence Kohlberg. The first factor is the uprightness in the habits of Kohlberg. The capacity of Kohlberg to recognize an ethical issue will depend on his attitude. A habit, a trait that shapes individual attitude, is a behavioral intention on the manner that a person would love to see the society as well as the manner the person would love the society to see them. Habit dictates the manner a person has behaved in the past when subject to specified circumstances. For this reason, habits can act as a mirror to what to expect from a person when facing specific situations. A person with a lack of moral uprightness will often fail to recognize ethical issues because of his habits (Devettere, 2009). The second factor I perceive to be critical is the societal culture and pressure. During my lectures, societal culture and pressure were deemed as decisive factors that influenced the perception of a p erson on ethical issues in a daily basis. Societal culture and pressure can either enhance the capacity to identify ethical issues or act as an obstruction to recognizing ethical issues. In the latter, a society epitomized by no sense of moral uprightness in their culture will automatically act, as an obstruction to the recognition of issues deemed ethical. For instance, a society where abortion is legal may fail to recognize the issue as an ethical concern in contrast to a society where abortion is illegal. Another factor I deem relevant is moral credentialing. The moral image of Kohlberg will help him determines his capacity to recognize an ethical issue. If Kohlberg has never been a reflection of ethical uprightness in the work setting, the ability to identify any ethical issue will be low. The capacity of Kohlberg to acknowledge ethical issues in future will depend on, first, establishing of rules to guide his moral uprightness. I find the need to establish rules by Kohlberg re levant because rules often constrain human. Moreover, rules govern situations and environments such as professional setting. Subsequently, Kohlberg will have to engage in attitude change. Attitude impacts readily on behavior hence a manipulation in the attitude perception will help Kohlberg appreciate ethical issues. Stage 2: Alternatives and Judgment While discussing the Kantian theory in class, it was apparent that Immanuel Kant based the theory on the fact that rational persons have the aptitude to reason what moral principles should govern their actions. Two issues defined the theory; the issues are the moral duty and universal principality. On the issue of abortion, which my class covered, explaining this ethical issue based on Kants moral theory will be suitable. Based on the Kantian theory, explaining the concern of abortion will first demand the perception of women as equal beings as compared to men. For this reason, answering of Kantian questions such as under what conditio ns can a person develop their life courses, regard themselves with respect, recognize their moral agency and autonomy, and engage in duties to themselves if the person is likely to be pregnant will be essential. The Kantian ethics perceive humans as rational and self-legislating, attributes, which I find not applicable to a fetus. As a result, any defense on the rights of the fetus will not be practical based on Kantian ethics. To me, the Kantian idea of autonomy only applies to the pregnant women, who are rational and self-legislating with the right to determine whether to continue an unwanted pregnancy. Compelling a woman to have a baby against her wish will be infringing her sense of autonomy. As a result, I conclude that engaging in abortion has to depend on the decision of woman because of her attributes as a rational and self-legislating person hence (Collier, Haliburton, 2015). The helpful Kantian principles I find in addressing this concern are the autonomy of women as huma ns, the capacity of women to make their decisions as self-legislating persons and the ability of women to be rational. Euthanasia is an ethical issue that attracts immense contention on whether it should be morally permissible or legally permissible. I find the utilitarianism theory to be well placed to explain the ethical concern of euthanasia. In my group discussion, my friends and I concluded that utilitarianism theory premises on seeking to create the greatest happiness for all parties involved in an ethical issue. Based on the theory, an action will be morally justifiable if it promotes interests of all the concerned parties, in addition to not violating the rights of any of the involved parties. Founded on this theory, I find the theory to judge the issue of euthanasia the on a case-by-case basis. The theory acknowledges that differences between the types of euthanasia are not morally significant unless they have contrasting consequences. The only critical issue is whether th e euthanasia creates more happiness or less suffering as compared to preventing it. For this reason, I perceive that euthanasia is morally right if the patient consents to it (Velasquez, 2016). The helpful theory I identified in the utilitarianism theory was the essence of interests of all parties involved in an ethical issue. Consequently, a moral decision has to attract contentedness among all the involved parties. Ethical controversies stem from conflicts between the good of the society and the good of an individual. The trolley problem was an interesting ethical concern in class discussion. I opted to explain this ethical concern based on natural law theory. The natural law theory validates the fact that authority of legal standards mainly derives, at least in part from deliberations having to do with the moral value of these standards. Based on this theory it is prudent to save five persons if the bad action of killing a single person is an unintended consequence of the good e ffect of saving the other five persons. As a result, the bad is not justifiable means to good as well as the good outweighing the bad action (Resnik, 2012). Based on the ethical decision in this ethical concern, I find the natural law theory effective particularly in addressing an instance of competing for ethical issues, where assuming any decision will adversely affect the other issue in spite of being the most plausible decision. For intending parents, establishing a family is a freedom expected as a matter of course. However, in instances where the natural conception of the baby is impossible, the concern of surrogacy arises. To explain this ethical concern of surrogacy altruism theory will come in handy. Altruism theory alleges that some actions, which are helpful are altruistic based on being stimulated by the genuine desire to enhance another persons welfare. According to altruism theory, the theory seeks to avoid the potential of a power imbalance for aspiring parents on th e presumption that a woman will deliberately give free consent to be a surrogate, as an expression of her reproductive liberty, when not pursuing a financial motive. For this reason, a lack of coercion of the birth mother to engage in surrogacy will mean that the action is morally justifiable even in instances of financial reward to the birth mother (Resnik, 2012). However, I have realized that in the modern day surrogacy, the principle of a genuine desire to help is not helpful because of the monetary value that often surrogates demand for their services. As a result, surrogating is a business opportunity for many women in countries such as India. Equally, another ethical issue that attracted immense contention in my group discussion was corporal punishment evident at judicial, terrorism, school and domestic level. Whereas my friends choose other theories to expound on the concern, I found golden rule theory to have a convincing explanation. The golden rule, which is a theory of r eciprocity, alleges that all actions should premise on equality and worth of all persons. Therefore, the justification use of corporal punishment can be on a case-to-case basis, for instance, a terrorist who engage in mass murder, corporal punishment will be effectual, in contrast to instances of corporal punishment for children in school and domestic level. For this reason, I harbor the perspective that children should not be subject to corporal punishment, which can be the case for terrorist acts (Aehlert Vroman, 2011). Stage 3: Decision and Action From the five instances of ethical issues, evident in the issue of abortion, euthanasia, the trolley problem, surrogacy and corporal punishment, the possible actions and the reasoning I used to decide the ultimate action entail the following. On the first instance of the issue of abortion founded on the Kantian moral theory, I was convinced that the decision had to be premise...

Health Promotion for Alcohol - 3356 Words

POINT OF VIEW Young people and alcohol misuse: how can nurses use the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion? AUTHORS Bernadette Ward RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Ed, MPHandTM, MHlth Sci Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. B.Ward@latrobe.edu.au Glenda Verrinder RN, Midwife, Grad Cert Higher Ed, Grad Dip Pub and Com Health, MHlth Sci Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia. ABSTRACT Alcohol misuse in Australia society is a community issue that can be addressed successfully within a health promotion framework. It is important that strategies are not perceived as ‘quick fixes’ but work toward addressing some of the underlying structural factors that†¦show more content†¦In Australia and throughout other western countries, the misuse of alcohol by young people has been highlighted as a problem (Toumbourou et al 2003). Alcohol misuse amongst adolescents For many Australians, alcohol consumption is a pleasurable part of everyday life (Parliament of Victoria 2004). However in recent years there have been several reports highlighting that the proportion of adolescents consuming alcohol and the amount of alcohol they are drinking is at record levels (AIHW 2008; White and Hayman 2006; Shanahan and Hewitt 1999). The long and short term sequelae associated with risky or high risk alcohol consumption include negative physical, emotional and social consequences (NHMRC 2001). Immediate harms include accidents, injuries, decreased scholastic and sporting performance, aggression, violence, assault, disrupted family relationships, high risk sexual activity, driving while under the influence of alcohol and delinquent behaviour (Jones and Donovan 2001). Among young people aged 16 to 24 years, alcohol related harm is one of the leading causes of disease and injury burden (AIHW 2006). These findings are consistent with population based research in Europe, United States and Canada (Jernigan 2001). Community concern has been reflected in Australian media reports about ‘teenage binge drinking’ and the associated harms and generated debate in the Australian media about raising the legal age of alcohol consumption from 18 to 21 years (Editor 2008;Show MoreRelatedHealth Promotion Is Important For Individuals1708 Words   |  7 PagesBetter Health for Individuals Introduction In Australia health promotion is important as it becomes a pathway to better well-being. Health promotion is mainly reinforced by the World Health Organisation (WHO) who is a leading supporter of not only health promotion but also medical aid and care for all people around the world. 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Binge drinking, also known as episodic excessive alcohol consumption, is defined, as occasional excessive consumption of alcohol, however, there is no nationwideRead More Preventing Alcoholism1636 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Alcoholism affects all elements of health. Overuse of alcohol affects physical health as it affects the functioning of the liver; mental health as it affects the ability to think clearly and coherently; emotional health as it affects the ability to recognise and express emotions correctly. Social health is affected as alcohol may affect a person’s ability to create and maintain relationships, finally and most importantly it affects societal health as the individuals actions can have an adverseRead MoreEssay about Health Promotions Among Diverse Populations1555 Words   |  7 PagesRunning Header: Health Promotion Among Diverse Populations 1 Health Promotions among Diverse Populations Sheila S Erickson RN Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V-OL191 June 20, 2015 Health Promotions Among Diverse Populations 2 Marginalization of the Native American population is a result of colonialism; they were considered to be ignorant and hostiles by the â€Å"White† settlers, forced to live on reservations, lost their culture and values through assimilation and stripped of their rights in societyRead MoreReport On Alcohol Awareness Training Session909 Words   |  4 PagesDiploma in Health Service Management level 7 Submitted to: Namoe Sau Report on Alcohol Awareness training Session On 16/06/2015 at level-2, Building A, Ntec. Submitted by : Monishita Islam Tania Date : 26/06/2015 Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Evaluation of the report 3. Conclusion 4. Recommendation 5. Lesson plan 6. References 1. Introduction The ideas which reflect in my mind that in alcohol awareness

Illegal Immigration And The United States - 948 Words

Still to today illegal immigration is a reoccurring issue, there are many illegal immigrants that live and work in the United States, and with that being said it must be improved so that illegal aliens are deported if they aren’t able to become legalized. An illegal immigrant is somebody that moves to a country to stay there without any form of identification. Throughout this essay I will be discussing how the amount of illegal immigrants in the United States has significantly expanded, and the repercussions amongst that. Illegal immigration has been a reoccurring issue in the U.S for many years, and many problems have developed because of it. For instance overpopulation is a big concern. Immigration is the largest issue adding to overpopulation. â€Å"Some environmentalists believe that immigrants contribute to overpopulation and strain the nation s natural resources. And some blacks (and white sympathizers) worry that immigrants are stealing opportunities from Americas oldest and still most downtrodden minority†(Kinsley, 1). Over 2.25 million people of overpopulation are cause by immigration. â€Å"In 2014, it was reported that there were 11.3 million unauthorized immigrants in the United States. The population has remained essentially stable for five years, and currently makes up 3.5% of the nation’s population†(Krogstad). The United States is already over populated, and to have continuous amounts of immigrants coming illegally doesn’t help reduce the amount. Many conse quencesShow MoreRelatedIllegal Immigration And The United States1573 Words   |  7 Pagesmillion illegal immigrants currently residing in the United States furthermore, for the United States economy. The correctional prerequisites against migrants were added to enactment to protect it from feedback that acquittal is absolution without outcome. 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Not all undocumented immigrantsRead MoreIllegal Immigration : The United States1876 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration Due to the economic benefits of immigrant labor, the dangers of central American countries, and the basic human rights of noncitizens, the US government must grant amnesty to undocumented immigrants. Illegal immigration has become a rising issue in the US over the past few years, and it will continue to heat up coming into this year s presidential election. This issue is also very present in the local community due to it’s diversity and large Hispanic population. GenerallyRead MoreIllegal Immigration in the United States1864 Words   |  8 PagesIllegal Immigration In The United States: A Controversial Debate Illegal immigration is an on-going issue, which is of much importance in the United States today. It has been overlooked for many years, however it has reached a point where it can no longer be ignored. Most of the illegal immigrants, 54% to be exact, come through the Mexican border. (Hayes 5) Since the early 1980’s, the number of illegal Mexican immigrants has risen at an incredible rate, causing the United States government to takeRead MoreIllegal Immigration in the United States Essay2094 Words   |  9 PagesIllegal Immigration in the United States Illegal Immigration in the United States The United States (US) has always been viewed as the land of opportunity because it is the only true free country in the world. This being the case people have been fighting their way into the country for decades. However, it is becoming more and more of a problem each decade that passes. With the United States border being so close to Mexico it is now seeing the highest population of illegal immigrants toRead MoreDeportation: Immigration to the United States and Illegal Alien2373 Words   |  10 Pagesadvance because of the way the immigration process works. However, one thing we all had in mind, was to see the light of a different country, see different faces and hopefully find ways to stay. Once the airplane took off, words was already spread all over the office of Haiti air in Florida that the airplane left Haiti with more than 30 Haitian illegal on board. The first few 2 hours spent at the arrival office was like a discovery of a new world for every single illegal in that group. This was oneRead MoreIllegal Immigration And Immigration In The United States1091 Words   |  5 Pagesarrest persons for immigration enforcement purposes. (De Leon, K) The new legislation, created by California Senate President Kevin de Leon, officially makes the state of California a â€Å"sanctuary state†. Previously, de Leon determined that Donald Trump is a racist because of his positions on immigration; most notably, Trump’s attempt to defund cities that considered themselves sanctuaries. In a debate that is becoming increasingly more polarized, Brown sought to protect illegal immigrants against

The End Of The World Essay Research free essay sample

The End Of The World Essay, Research Paper The terminal of the universe Have you of all time wondered when the universe is traveling to come to a halt? . Have you of all time stopped to believe about all of those physic anticipations that so many have made? I hope to supply an penetration to the universe of Armageddon. It is about inevitable that the universe and the human race terminal someday, but merely how shortly? Millennialists, people who believe that the universe is traveling to stop on a set day of the month stating that the day of the month will be May 5, 2000. If their computations are right, so we merely have 6 old ages to populate. # 8220 ; Millennialisim has been present in merely about every coevals since the birth of Christ # 8211 ; and merely about every harvest of millennialists has been disappointed # 8221 ; ? 300 old ages ago, Nostradamas predicted all of the Catholic Popes, right up until the twelvemonth 2000. We will write a custom essay sample on The End Of The World Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to Nostradamas we merely have 4 Catholic Popes left until # 8220 ; A atrocious fiery decease to all world # 8221 ; ? Further more he predicted the southern California? 92 temblor, 300 old ages ago! ! . Many people believe that the universe will stop in the signifier of universe war III. Imagine if another Hitler came along, with the arms that he could acquire a clasp of biological, atomic and chemical warfare, believe how lay waste toing it would be if that happened. Peoples like Hitler are called anti-Christ. Nostradamas besides predicted that the 3rd anti-Christ ( there have already been 2 ) would be born in 1970, his name unreleased to the populace. Purportedly he will get down universe war III in Asia some where? . # 8220 ; Millinnialis m sells, and that? s an incontestable fact. There? s money in Armageddon† ? Deep in the bosom of Arizona there are about 300 people who think that they will be prepared for Armageddon. The quaint town of misty falls has been fixing for Armageddon for 10 old ages now. They have build in entire 40,000 sq. of belowground sand traps lined with lead, some of them household size, some of them large plenty to keep 75 people comfortably. The sand traps are stocked with adequate nutrient and other necessities to last for seven old ages. These cavalrymans did non merely pack nutrient, they have educational computing machines, tonss of rubbers ( What else do ya make? ) # 8220 ; when Judgment Day doesn? t come the millennialilst response is that the computations need re-tuning and Judgment Day is still at hand # 8221 ; ? Others who have had visions have seen great natural catastrophes, one adult male proverb in a vision that he saw a map of the united provinces with half of it underwater. Some scientists even agree that natural catastrophes might destruct the planet. Because of planetary warming altering the atsmophere runing the polar ice caps, seting the statue of autonomy up to her axillas in H2O. Tornado? s rending up the planet invariably because of atmospheric alterations. Tidal waves because of unstable magma forcing, pressing. # 8220 ; The bible references that no 1 knows the hr, but we don? Ts have much clip # 8221 ; x All in all, it? s a batch to believe about, Nostradamas, Misty falls, arms of mass devastation, anti-Christ. After reexamining all of the information I think I am traveling to travel to misty falls

Ticonderoga And Crown Point The Immediate Object Of The Attack On The

Ticonderoga and Crown point The immediate object of the attack on the British Forts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point on May 10 and 11, 1775 was first to capture the forts themselves, but also to obtain a cannon and supplies to use for the impending seige of Boston. Washington, who assumed command of the American forces on July 2, 1775, could not attempt this attack without heavy artillery, which was procured by Colonel Ethan Allen, Colonel Benedict Arnold and Colonel Seth Warner with Vermont's Green Mountain Boys. Green Mountain Boys, was the name of a group of soldiers from Vermont led by Allen, Warner and Arnold. They took their name from the Green Mountains in Vermont. The Green Mountain Boys were originally organized by Ethan Allen before the revolution to protest the claims of the New York government to Vermont territory, and were later joined by Seth Warner and Benedict Arnold. Seth Warner, was born in Connecticut and later moved to Vermont, where he was declared an outlaw in 1771 for forcibly resisting a New York claim to the area, and had a reward offered for his capture. Under Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold, he participated in the seizure of Fort Ticonderoga and led the force that took Crown Point the next day. Later that year, he was elected lieutenant-colonel commandant of the Green Mountain Boys. Ethan Allen was also born Connecticut, moving to Vermont in 1769. He became involved in the struggle between New York and New Hampshire for control of the region, just like Allen was. The New York authorities rejected an appeal that the region be established as a separate province, and Allen organized a volunteer militia, called the Green Mountain Boys, to resist the New York cause. Volunteers were raised by the Committee of Correspondence. They recruited fifty men and three hundred pounds to set up the Green Mountain Boys. Allen too, was declared an outlaw by the governor of New York. At the outbreak of the Revolution, Allen and The Green Mountain Boys offered to fight against the British. Arnold was born in Connecticut and enlisted in the militia during the French and Indian War. Later, as a militia colonel, Arnold joined with Allen and The Green Mountain Boys to take Fort Ticonderoga . Allen and Arnold, by order of the Connecticut legislature, crossed lake Champlain in two boats with a total of eighty-three men and captured Fort Ticonderoga early in the morning of May 10, 1775, while the British garrison was still sleeping. Allen demanded that the British commander surrender in the name of the Great Jehovah and the Continental Congress. The commander complied and consequently there was no bloodshed. Military supplies from the fort were used to aid George Washington's ill-equipped American forces, who were attempting the seige of Boston.

Understanding Owner vs. Parent in Delphi Applications

Understanding Owner vs. Parent in Delphi Applications Every time you place a panel on a form and a button on that panel you make an invisible connection. The Form becomes the owner of the Button, and the Panel is set to be its parent. Every Delphi component has an Owner property. The Owner takes care of freeing the owned components when it is being freed. Similar, but different, the Parent property indicates the component that contains the child component. Parent Parent refers to the component that another component is contained in, such as TForm, TGroupBox or a TPanel. If one control (parent) contains others, the contained controls are child controls of the parent. Parent determines how the component is displayed. For example, the Left and Top properties are all relative to the Parent. The Parent property can be assigned and changed during run-time. Not all components have the Parent. Many forms do not have a Parent. For example, forms that appear directly on the Windows desktop have Parent set to nil. A components HasParent method returns a boolean value indicating whether or not the component has been assigned a parent. We use the Parent property to get or set the parent of a control. For example, place two panels (Panel1, Panel2) on a form and place one button (Button1) on the first panel (Panel1). This sets Buttons Parent property to Panel1. Button1.Parent : Panel2; If you place the above code in the OnClick event for the second Panel, when you click Panel2 the button jumps from Panel1 to Panel2: Panel1 is no longer the Parent for the Button. When you want to create a TButton at run-time, it is important that we remember to assign a parent - the control that contains the button. For a component to be visible, it must have a parent to display itself within. ParentThis and ParentThat If you select a button at design time and look at the Object Inspector youll notice several Parent-aware properties. The ParentFont, for example, indicates whether the Font used for the Buttons caption is the same as the one used for the Buttons parent (in the previous example: Panel1). If ParentFont is True for all Buttons on a Panel, changing the panel’s Font property to Bold causes all Buttons caption on the Panel to use that (bold) font. Controls Property All components that share the same Parent are available as part of the Controls property of that Parent. For example, Controls may be used to iterate over all the children of the windowed control. The next piece of code can be used to hide all the contained components on Panel1: for ii : 0 to Panel1.ControlCount - 1 do   Ã‚  Panel1.Controls[ii].Visible : false; Tricking Tricks Windowed controls have three basic characteristics: they can receive the input focus, they use system resources, and they can be parents to other controls. For example, the Button component is a windowed control and cannot be the parent to some other component - you cant place another component on it. The thing is that Delphi hides this feature from us. An example is the hidden possibility for a TStatusBar to have some components like TProgressBar on it. Ownership First, note that a Form is the overall Owner of any components that reside on it (positioned on the form at design-time). This means that when a form is destroyed, all the components on the form are also destroyed. For example, if we have an application with more that one form when we call the Free or Release method for a form object, we do not have to worry about explicitly freeing all of the objects on that form- because the form is the owner of all its components. Every component we create, at design or run time, must be owned by another component. The owner of a component- the value of its Owner property- is determined by a parameter passed to the Create constructor when the component is created. The only other way to re-assign the Owner is using the InsertComponent/RemoveComponent methods during run-time. By default, a form owns all components on it and is in turn owned by the Application. When we use the keyword Self as the parameter for the Create method- the object we are creating is owned by the class that the method is contained in- which is usually a Delphi form. If on the other hand, we make another component (not the form) the owner of the component, then we are making that component responsible for disposing of the object when it is destroyed. As like any other Delphi component, custom made TFindFile component can be created, used and destroyed at run time. To create, use and free a TFindFile component at run, you can use the next code snippet: uses FindFile;...var FFile : TFindFile;procedure TForm1.InitializeData;begin //form (Self) is the Owner of the component   //there is no Parent since this   //is an unvisible component.   FFile : TFindFile.Create(Self) ;   ... end; Note: Since the FFile is created with an owner (Form1), we dont need to do anything to free the component- it will be freed when the owner is destroyed. Components Property All components that share the same Owner are available as part of the Components property of that Owner. The following procedure is used to clear all the Edit components that are on the form: procedure ClearEdits(AForm: TForm) ;var   Ã‚  ii : Integer; begin   Ã‚  for ii : 0 to AForm.ComponentCount-1 do   Ã‚  if (AForm.Components[ii] is TEdit) then TEdit(AForm.Components[ii]).Text : ;end; Orphans Some controls (such as ActiveX controls) are contained in non-VCL windows rather than in a parent control. For these controls, the value of Parent is nil and the ParentWindow property specifies the non-VCL parent window. Setting ParentWindow moves the control so that it is contained in the specified window. ParentWindow is set automatically when a control is created using the CreateParented method. The truth is that in most cases you do not need to care about Parents and Owners, but when it comes to OOP and component development or when you want to take Delphi one step forward the statements in this article will help you to take that step faster.

A Financial Analysis of Coca Cola

The Coca-Cola Company is the world largest beverage company. Along with Coca-Cola, recognized as the world’s most valuable brand, the company markets four of the world’s top 5 non-alcoholic sparkling brands, including Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite. Consumers in more than 200 countries are enjoying the company’s beverages at a rate exceeding 1. 4 billion servings each day. The Coca-Cola Company engages in the manufacture, distribution, and marketing of nonalcoholic beverage concentrates and syrups worldwide. The company offers nonalcoholic beverages, principally carbonated soft drinks, as well as noncarbonated beverages. Its beverage products comprise bottled and canned soft drinks and beverages products. The companys products also include beverage concentrates, such as flavoring ingredients and sweeteners; syrups, the beverage ingredients produced by combining concentrates, sweeteners, and added water; and fountain syrups that use equipment for mixing the syrups with carbonated or noncarbonated water for immediate consumption, and are sold to fountain retailers, such as restaurants. The Coca-Cola Company owns or licenses more than 400 brands, which consists of noncarbonated beverages, including waters and flavored waters, juice and juice drinks, energy and sports drinks, teas, and coffees. It also has ownership interests in numerous bottling and canning operations. Finished beverage products bearing the CompanyGCOs trademarks are sold in more than 200 countries. As of December 31, 2006, the Company operated through eight segments: Africa; East, South Asia and Pacific Rim; European Union; Latin America; North America; North Asia, Eurasia and Middle East; Bottling Investments, and Corporate. In June 2007, the Company completed the acquisition of Energy Brands, Inc. , known as glaceau. The company markets its nonalcoholic beverages under various brand names, including Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Fanta, and Sprite. It sells its finished beverage products primarily to distributors. The company sells its beverage concentrates and syrups to bottling and canning operators, distributors, fountain wholesalers, and fountain retailers. History In May 1886 Coca-Cola was invented by John Pemberton, a pharmacist from Atlanta, Georgia. John Pemberton concocted the Coca Cola formula in a three legged brass kettle in his backyard. The name was a suggestion given by his bookkeeper Frank Robinson who also scripted the famous logo . The soft drink was first sold to the public at the soda fountain in Jacob’s Pharmacy in Atlanta. Until 1905, the soft drink, marketed as a tonic, contained extracts of cocaine as well as cocoa nut. In 1887, Asa Candler, his partrner bought the formula from Mr. Pemberton for $2,300. By thelate 1890s, Coca Cola was one of the America’s best selling drinks, largely due to Candler’s aggressive marketing of the product. Under Candler’s ownership the company increased its sales by over 4000% between 1890 and 1900. Mission,Vision Values Mission The Coca-Cola Company in everything they do is inspired by their enduring mission: †¢To Refresh the World in body, mind, and spirit. †¢To Inspire Moments of Optimism through our brands and our actions. †¢To Create Value and Make a Difference everywhere we engage. Vision To achieve sustainable growth, they have established a vision with clear goals. †¢Profit: Maximizing return to shareowners while being mindful of our overall responsibilities. People: Being a great place to work where people are inspired to be the best they can be. Taken together, these statements will give an accounting picture of the firm’s operations and financial position. Detailed data will be provided to show what has actually happened to assets, earnings, and dividends over the past few years and somehow include some verbal statements to explain somehow why things turned out the way they did. Furthermore, we will also be presenting the following measures or indices to provide clear insights of the management and how well they have performed in maximizing shareholder wealth. 1. Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) 2. Total Net Operating Capital (TNOC) 3. Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) 4. Free Cash Flow (FCF) 5. Net Investment in Operating Capital (NIOC) 6. Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) 7. Economic Value Added (EVA) 8. Market Value Added (MVA) Balance Sheets Table 1 shows The Coca-Cola Company’s most recent five-year balance sheets, which represent â€Å"snapshots† of its financial position on the last day of each year. The Balance Sheet presents a picture of the business net worth at a particular point in time. It summarizes all the financial data about the company business, breaking that data into 3 categories; assets, liabilities, and equity. The relationship between them is expressed in this equation: Assets = Liabilities + Equity. Assets are what a company uses to operate its business, while its liabilities and equity are two sources that support these assets. Owner’s equity, referred to as shareholders’ equity in a publicly traded company, is the amount of money initially invested into the company plus any retained earnings, and it represents a source of funding for the business. Table 1. The Coca Cola Company 5 Year Balance Sheet Analysis of Total Assets As shown above, the total assets of the company is consistently depict an increasing trend, which shows that it is financially stable and has been profitable. The increase in cash and cash equivalent in 2004 compared to 2003 was due primarily to net cash provided by operating activities of $5,968 million. A significant portion of this cash was generated in locations outside the US. The decrease in cash and cash equivalent in 2006 compared to 2005 was due to increase in property, plant and equipment amounting to almost 1. million brought about by acquisitions and purchases which consequently increases the net fixed assets and other non current assets. Along with the assets, the total liabilities and stockholder’s equity also increased throughout the past 5 years. Based on the company’s annual report, the increase in loans and notes payable of $1,948 million in 2004 was due to the issuance of commercial p aper to meet short-term cash needs in the US, including the quarterly dividend payments and repurchases of common stock. The decrease in loans and notes payable in 2006 compared to 2005 was primarily due to the net repayment of commercial paper and short term debts. Income Statement The Coca Cola Company’s income statement for the past 5-year as shown on Table 2, reflects the company’s performance during these period unlike the balance sheet that provides snapshot of a firm at point in time. The Income Statement is also known as Profit and Loss Statement (PL). The Income Statement shows your Revenues, Expenses, and Profit for a particular period. Its a snapshot of the company that shows whether or not your business is profitable at that point in time. Below is a simple illustration of the PL: Revenue Expenses = Profit/Loss. This is very useful for internal use as well as to external users for it shows whether the company made or lost money during the period being reported. Through this income statement, investors and creditors would be able to forecast future performance, assess the risk of achieving future cash flows. As shown on Figure 1 and Table 2, the Coca Cola Company had experienced a consistently profits for the past five years. Thus, it projects that they operate profitably and demonstrates its ability to use borrowed and invested funds in a successful manner. This positive result that was manifested in the Coca Cola Company’s PL is synonymous to company’s ability to operate profitably which benefits its employees particularly the management, shareholders, as it’s also equally important to creditors particularly current lenders and investors The increase in cash and cash equivalent in 2004 compared to 2003 was due primarily to net cash provided by operating activities of $5,968 million. A significant portion of this cash was generated in locations outside the US. The decrease in cash and cash equivalent in 2006 compared to 2005 was due to increase in property, plant and equipment amounting to almost 1. 9 million brought about by acquisitions and purchases which consequently increases the net fixed assets and other non current assets. Figure 1 The following table indicates, on a percentage basis, the estimated impact of key factors resulting in significant increases (decreases) in net operating revenues: Percent Change Year Ended December 31 2006 vs 20052005 vs 20042004 vs 20032003 vs 2002 Increase in gallon sales4%3%2%3% Structural cahnges-20-3-1 Price and product/geographic mix2101 Impact of currency fluctuations versus the US dollar 0255 Total Percentage increase 4%6%4%8% Net Cash Flow The net cash flow differs from accounting profit because some of the revenues and expenses reflected in accounting profits may not have been received or paid out in cash during the year. Depreciation is typically the largest noncash item, so net cash flow is Table 2 – Income Statement ften expressed as net income plus depreciation. Investors are at least as interested in a firm’s projected net cash flow as in reported earnings because it is cash, not paper profit, that is paid out as dividends and plowed back into business to produce growth. Figure 2 – Net Cash Flow The above calculations are in accordance to the income statements and balance sheets. As exhibited, the net cash flow is continuo usly increasing which strongly suggests that the Coca-Cola Company’s ability to generate cash from operations is one of the fundamental financial strength Free Cash Flow (FCF) This is the cash flow that is actually available for distribution to investors after the company has made all the investments in fixed assets and working capital necessary to sustain ongoing operations. Figure 3 – Free Cash Flow (FCF) As shown in Fig. 3 that in 2004 the FCF of the company plummeted but this was primarily the impact of the major acquisition of plants and bottling companies in Germany, South Africa including the big purchase of San Miguel Corporation, the biggest bottling company in the Philippines. And in year 2005, the company was able to bounced back in their FCF, a significant increase from -$236. 0 millions to almost 6 billion. Net Operating Working Capital (NOWC) This is a traditional measure of company’s liquidity and potential for growth. Net operating working capital is defined as non-interest bearing current assets minus non-interest charging liabilities. This also known as â€Å"investor-supplied capital†, which is equal to cash, account s receivables, and inventories less accounts payable and accruals. This particular measure is not being used when assessing management’s performance as it is not including natural or human capital in its calculation. Total Net Operating Capital (TNOC) It is defined as the sum of net operating working capital and operating long-term assets (liabilities). Other way of calculating this is by adding up the funds provided by investors, such as notes payables, long-term bonds, preferred stock, and common stock. Year 2004 always shows a major changes among the five years operation of the company. The company increased its operating capital to $25,248 from $21,593, or by almost $4 billion, during 2004. Furthermore, most of this increase went into working capital, which rose from $2,647 to $6,015 million, or by almost $4 billion. This is again caused by the aforementioned major acquisition. CONCLUSION Performing this research on Coca-Cola was very hard work. It took a lot of time and dedication to put all of this information together. Coca-Cola can be seen as a group of individuals working together to become stronger and the best. If one individual appears to be weak, the others must pull together to help compensate for the weakness being presented. Working as a team on this project is similar to how we view Coca-Cola. We were a group of individuals working together to become stronger and the best. We fed off of each others energy to achieve a good project in the end. By doing this research, I found out that Coca-Cola makes Odwalla, which I believe is well-known in Africa and was recently introduced in the United States. I learned that Coca-Cola has used commercial paper throughout various years. For those who do not know what commercial paper is, keep reading. Commercial paper is a type of unsecured promissory note issued by large, strong firms and sold primarily to other business firms, to insurance companies, to pension funds, to money market mutual funds, and to banks (Brigham, page 803). This came as a surprise to me at first, but then I realized that even successful firms need help along the way. Coca-Cola appears to be doing well with its current operations. Since Coca-Cola has done well in the past, I believe that they will continue to do well in the future. The non-alcoholic beverage industry seems to be growing with each passing societal change-from people wanting to have soda, but with fewer calories, from people wanting water with a kick, from people wanting energy, and for moms who want their kids to drink things that are good for them. Coca-Cola will be able to keep up with these changes as long as they keep inspiring and letting their employees to be the best they can be. With success comes hard times trying to stay the best and Coca-Cola is living proof of that. Coca-Cola has been around for more than 200 years and counting. With business of this longevity, they must be doing something right. After all, a building is only as strong as its foundation. Coca-Cola was built on a foundation of being the best at what they do and they have not fallen as of yet, so keep up the good work.